Your Gateway to Peace of Mind

FRANÇAISENGLISH
Home Contact us Training Consultancy Order Shop Search
About us Publications - Psychology
 
Number

Title

Price
ASH-008 Applications of Psychology to the Aviation System, Edited by Nick McDonald, Neil Johnston & Ray Fuller. 1995. 352 pp. Available in English.
Summary: Proceedings of the 21st Conference of the European Association for Aviation Psychology (EAPP) Volume 1. ". . . the greatest value of this volume is the drawing together of papers from leading practitioners from many countries, disciplines and areas in aviation including air traffic control and ground handling as well as the expected aircrew areas. This provides an indication of the many routes by which aviation safety is continuing to be improved." – Ergonomics Abstracts. ". . . readers who have an interest in program descriptions may find these chapters interesting . . . would be useful to have a copy of the series in an aviation related library." -- Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine . This book takes a holistic approach to psychology in aviation. Its starting point is the policy of governmental organizations and of national and international aviation authorities for the development of human factors research and its application in the industry, addressing the consequent technological and structural changes. It is the first in a series of three, volumes 2 and 3 respectively entitled Aviation Psychology: Training and Selection and Human Factors in Aviation Operations. All three comprise the proceedings of the 21st Conference of the European Association of Aviation Psychology, and complement the previously published, Aviation Psychology in Practice. Taken together, they provide a valuable and timely overview of the present state of aviation psychology. The role of aviation psychology now extends throughout the aviation system: better understanding and new techniques of accident investigation; confidential incident reports to enhance the preventive capability of the aviation system and increased understanding of the nature of human factors in safety; analysis of accident data in areas like ground handling of aircraft; and systematic approaches to crisis management and post-traumatic stress have transformed the response to accidents in aviation. New challenges are emerging for aviation psychology from several sources: cross-cultural issues are brought into sharp focus by the intense internationalization of the industry; automation raises both practical and theoretical questions; and new behavioral, cognitive, and sociological approaches to psychology are challenging the established methods and models in this field of the discipline. Aviation psychology is beginning to become aware of its own history. The chapters in this volume also address new developments in the application and evaluation of Crew Resource Management, as well as more effective ways of dealing with the use and abuse of alcohol, and the role of personality factors. This book will be of particular interest to those who are involved in policy and management (in areas of safety, operations or human resources) in any type of aviation organization; to those whose responsibility relates to accidents, their investigation, management and prevention; and to researchers, trainers and educators in human factors in aviation. Contents: Part 1: Policy for Human Factors in Aviation; Part 2: Systems and Organization; Part 3 Accidents/Incidents and their Aftermath; Section A: Accident Investigation; Section B: Voluntary Incident Reporting; Section c: Accidents in Ground Handling; Section D: Crisis Management; Part 4: Cross-cultural Factors; Part 5: Theory and History; Part 6: Perspectives on Crew Resource Management; Part 7: Automation; Part 8: Individual Factors; Section A: Alcohol; Section B: Personality; Section C: Psychopathology. Nick McDonald is Head of Department of Psychology, Trinity College, Dublin and Chairman of the Aerospace Psychology Research Group. Ray Fuller is Senior Lecturer in Psychology and Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. His current research concerns behaviour and safety in transportation and airport ramp safety training. Neil Johnston is a Boeing 737 captain with Aer Lingus. He is Associate Editor of The International Journal of Aviation Psychology , and is also with the Aerospace Psychology Research Group at Trinity College, Dublin.
US$ 99.95 hardback
ASH-010

Aviation Psychology: Training and Selection
Edited by Neil Johnston, Nick McDonald and Ray Fuller

Proceedings of the 21st Conference of the European Association for Aviation Psychology (EAPP) Volume 2

"Unlike many books on the topic of aviation psychology, this volume does not leave the reader confused in a fog of acronyms, psychological definitions or educational terminology. It is well researched and superbly edited to provide a volume which is easy to read from cover to cover. Despite its ease of reading, or perhaps because of it, the messages put over by the authors are easy to understand therefore making the book an ideal aid to all those involved in the selection of aviation personnel, CRM and training. The volume comes highly recommended." -- Civil Aviation Training

". . . generally pleasing in that it contains papers of a very high standard dealing with a very wide range of topics. . . . a very creditable resource which clarifies and elucidates the gulf that exists between the esoteric world of pure research and that of applied research. In it, there is a fund of knowledge about the application domain which should lead the interested reader to an appreciation of the magnitude of the problems still to be overcome." -- Ergonomics Abstracts

Training and selection lay and reinforce the key human foundations for aviation safety, and both have an enduring role to play in aviation psychology.

It is the second in a series of three, volumes 1 and 3 respectively entitled Applications of Psychology to the Aviation System and Human Factors in Aviation Operations. All three comprise the proceedings of the 21st Conference of the European Association of Aviation Psychology, and complement the previously published, Aviation Psychology in Practice. Taken together, they provide a valuable and timely overview of the present state of aviation psychology.

The selected contributions demonstrate the continuous change which characterizes aviation. For instance, the maturity of Crew Resource Management (CRM) as a key industry training method is reflected in the substantial number of contributors under this general heading. In addition, there are a relatively large number of chapters considering aspects of Air Traffic Control (ATC). Personnel selection continues to be an important part of aviation psychology. However, the historical predominance of pilot selection has been recently tempered by increased interest in air traffic controller selection techniques, and also by concern regarding the role of psychometric testing.

While CRM is well established to increase pilot skills, the training of pilots in basic human factors knowledge remains a field of opportunity and variety. Both traditional and innovative pilot training techniques for conventional and advanced technology aircraft are considered in several chapters. The challenge of training effectively for advanced technology cockpits and changing ATC systems looks set to remain, with skill maintenance and decay playing a significant part. This work is thus important to wide range of psychologists, as well as to trainers and operational aviation personnel at all levels.

Contents: CRM: Techniques and Media for CRM training: WEAPP '94 workshop report ; Cockpit (Crew) resource management: development of a collegiate course; Active-learning strategies in undergraduate CRM flight training; The development of the DLR/Lufthansa Crew Resource Management training; Political, social and psychological backgrounds of CRM in Poland: some ideas concerning CRM investigation; CRM training and transfer: the 'behavioural business card' as an example for the transition of plans into actual behaviour; A descriptive study of Crew Resource

Management attitude change; The critical factor in CRM training effectiveness (the management factor); CRM for the smaller operator; Homogenizing crew resources; Communication: fact or fiction; Perceived working relationship between flight deck and cabin crew; Line Oriented Fight Training (LOFT) to improve cockpit-cabin communications; LOFT/LOE in air carrier training; Enhancing realism in LOFT; Modes of communication between pilots in independent control tasks; ATC: Short-term memory and advanced technology: the use of imagery in Air Traffic Control; Structuring information on ATC in mental models; Modelling cognitive processes in Air Traffic Control operators; Simultaneous error – during altitude deviations; The Dynamic Air Traffic Control Test (DAC); Selection: JAA psychometric testing: the reasons; The potential contributions and scientific responsibility of aviation psychologists; Psychological evaluation of pilots: the present regulations and arguments for their application; JAA psychological testing of pilots: objections and alarms; Pilot selection batteries: a critical examination; Cognitive Task Analysis for human resources management in aviation: personnel selection, training and evaluation; Quantas pilot selection procedures: past to present; Need of new development in Air France selection; Male-female differences on aviation selection tests: their implications for research and practice; Cathay Pacific Airways pilot selection validation; Instruction: Imagery in aviation: pilot training; PC-based simulation: cost effectiveness; Mental rehearsal techniques for reducing skill decay of unemployed commercial pilots; The quality of flight instructor training in Canada and Australia; Effective learning strategies for ab initio pilots; Effects of scene detail, field of view and amount of simulator training in general aviation flight instruction; AIDA: automated instructional design; Flight simulators as catalytic training devices: the application of Yerkes-Dodson law to primary flight training tasks; Issues in teaching Human Factors efficiently; Human factors in aviation: a course description; 'Briefings': a practical 'know-how' in Human Factors; Customer service quality: improving customer service through Human Factors' management in the passenger cabin; Designing courses in aviation English; Computer-based assessment and the construction of valid aviator selection tests; Training Delivery: Steam gauge to glass cockpit: training strategies for smooth transitioning from B747-200 to B747-400; The integrated type-rating; Across airline differences in pilot learning: the roles of experience and qualifications; The development of team skills using a problem-based learning approach in aviation studies; Observational learning and training of complex skills in laboratory and applied settings; Conversion training for commercial pilots; Decision-centered training and system support; Skill Maintenance: Maintaining manual and cognitive skills; Effects of short- and long-cycle adaptive function allocation on performance of flight-related tasks; Pilot age and training performance.

Nick McDonald is Head of Department of Psychology, Trinity College, Dublin and Chairman of the Aerospace Psychology Research Group. Ray Fuller is Senior Lecturer in Psychology and Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. His current research concerns behaviour and safety in transportation and airport ramp safety training. Neil Johnston is a Boeing 737 captain with Aer Lingus. He is Associate Editor of The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, and is also with the Aerospace Psychology Research Group at Trinity College, Dublin.

1995, 384 pages

US$ 99.95 hardback
ASH-019 Aviation Psychology in Practice, Edited by Neil Johnson, Nick McDonald & Ray Fuller . 1994. 388 pp. Available in English.
Summary: "This book offers a timely contribution to the aviation psychology scene. The editors and contributors cover a wide range of the subject and have excellent experience to draw upon. Helen Muir, Curtis Graeber and Earl Wiener are particularly well known names. . . . The layout is clear and easily understandable, the price is reasonable, and the editors are to be congratulated on their achievement." -- Aerospace. "Telfer argues for the sound theoretical base for practice as well as for the professionalization of aviation instruction. This book makes a significant advance in both these directions. It is the most authoritative text on aviation psychology and human factors to date, and is of utmost relevance to those who have a role in human resource training, management, and instructional evaluation in aviation and other related areas. I recommend the book highly as a required text." -- K. Victor Ujimoto, PhD, MCASI, from Centre for Information Technology Research at University of Guelph, Canadian Aeronautics and Space Journal, September 1994, Volume 4, No. 3. "This book would readily serve as a text book for an Introductory Aviation/Psychology course, as well as an excellent refresher for those involved in the practice of aviation psychology. The book is printed on good quality paper; it is well bound and benefits from numerous tables and figures. It certainly seems worth its price and will return many benefits to those who invest in it." -- Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine. This book seeks to extend the boundaries of aviation psychology in two interrelated ways: by broadening the focus of aviation psychology beyond the flight deck to the whole aviation system, and by discussing new theoretical developments that have an impact on this applied discipline. A key feature of these theoretical advances is that they are grounded in a more developed, ecologically valid understanding of practice. Among the issues addressed in this new integration of theory and practice are the following: what goes on in the flight deck is dependent on the wider organizational context; human factors issues in aircraft maintenance and grounding are critical to aviation safety; our capacity to learn from aviation accidents and incidents needs to be supported by more systematic human factors investigation and research; our understanding of the human factors of accident survival as well as accident prevention must be developed; theories of crew coordination and decision making must be supported by an analysis and constraints; and training should be grounded in a thoroughgoing analysis of the complexity of the job and a full understanding of the training process itself. This book will be of interest to human factors researchers and practitioners in aviation and related areas. It has particular relevance for those who have a role in training, management or regulation throughout the aviation system. Contents: List of contributors; Foreword; List of abbreviations; Introduction; Applied psychology and aviation: Issues of theory and practice; Part 1, The Aviation socio-technical System: Organizational safety culture: Implications for aviation practice; Philosophy, policies, procedures and practice: The four 'P's of flight deck operations; The management of safety on the airport ramp; Human error in aircraft maintenance; Passenger safety; Part 2, Learning from Accidents and Incidents: Investigation of human factors: The link to accident prevention; Using voluntary incident reports for human factors evaluations; Part 3, New Theoretical Models: Behaviour analysis and aviation safety; Cognitive Task Analysis in air traffic controller and aviation crew training; Aeronautical Decision Making: The next generation; Shared problem models and flight crew performance; Stress and crew performance: Challenges for aeronautical decision making training; Part 4, The Delivery of Training: Crew Resource management: Achieving enhanced flight operations; Improving aviation instruction; Index.
US$ 54.95 paperback
US$ 99.95 hardback
ASH-050 Applied Cognitive Task Analysis in Aviation, Thomas L. Seamster, Richard E. Redding and George F. Kaempf 1997, 368 pages
Summary: ". . . comprehensive volume. . ." -- International Aerospace Abstracts, 1998. ". . . a practical and accessible introduction and guide to CTA . . . informative and well illustrated." -- Air Traffic Control Association, USA. Due to the requirements of automatic system design, and new needs for the training of complex tasks, Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) has been used with increasing frequency in recent years by the airline industry and air traffic control community. Its power is reflected in the literature on professional training and systems design, where CTA is often cited as one of the most promising new technologies, especially for the complex cognitive tasks now confronting those working in aviation. The objective of this book is to bridge the gap between research and practice, to make what we know about CTA available to practitioners in the field. The book focuses on cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence analyses of aviation tasks. It is designed to help readers identify and solve specific design and training problems, in the flight deck, air traffic control and operations contexts. Distilling experience and guidelines from the best aviation cognitive analyses in accessible form, it is the first comprehensive volume on CTA, and is written for practitioners of cognitive analysis in aviation. It provides an overview of analyses to date, methods of data collection, and recommendations for designing and conducting CTA for use in instructional design, systems development, and evaluation. The first part of the book provides the principles and foundations of CTA, describing traditional approaches to task analysis and ways that cognitive analyses can be integrated with the analysis and development processes. The next part details how to select the appropriate method or methods, determine job tasks that can be trained for automatic performance, extract knowledge structures, analyze mental models, and identify the decision-making and problem-solving strategies associated with experienced job performance. The authors also describe when to use and how to design and conduct a cognitive task analysis, how to use CTA along with traditional task analysis and ISD, and how to use CTA in training program development and systems design, as well as in personnel selection and evaluation. The current demand for cognitive analyses makes this a timely volume for those in aviation and, more generally, the industrial development and training communities. Readers will find this a thorough presentation of cognitive analyses in aviation and a highly usable guide in the design, implementation and interpretation of CTA. The book will be useful to instructional developers, aviation equipment and systems designers, researchers, government regulatory personnel, human resource managers, instructors, pilots, air traffic controllers, and operations staff. Contents: Preface; Foreword by Captain Neil Johnston, Aer Lingus, Ireland; Part I: Introduction to Cognitive Task Analysis; Introduction; When to use cognitive task analysis; Designing cognitive task analysis; Methods of cognitive task analysis; Part II: Cognitive Task Analysis Methods in Context; Determining aviation knowledge; Determining automated skills; Determining procedural skills; Determining representational skills; Determining decision making skills; Determining high-level strategies; Part III: Using Cognitive Task Analysis Results; The cognitive task analysis report; Training design; System design; Human resource management; Challenges and future directions for cognitive task analysis in aviation; Glossary of selected terms; References; Index. Dr. Thomas L. Seamster is the senior research scientist at Cognitive and Human Factors (Santa Fe, US) directing the cognitive modeling of air traffic controller and aircrew performance, working closely with airlines and US government agencies He also is a consulting editor for the International Journal of Aviation Psychology. Dr. Richard E. Redding holds a Juris Doctor degree, is a doctoral candidate in psychology at the University of Virginia, and has been a visiting fellow at several foreign universities. He has many years of R&D experience in cognitive task analysis in aviation, serving as principle scientist or project director for major US government training development projects for air traffic controllers and combat aircrews. As the most published author in the world on cognitive task analysis for training design, his work is widely cited. Dr. George F. Kaempf is Lead, Human Factors Engineer with Pacific Bell. Having entered the aviation system originally as an air force avionics technician, his research has focused on training issues, flight simulator evaluation, and design requirements for operators in time-pressured, high-risk settings. He has led decision research in complex domains including commercial and military air transport and helicopter flight crews and operations staff.  
US$ 99.95 hardback
ASH-051 Aviation Psychology: A Science and a Profession, Edited by Klaus-Martin Goeters 1998, 320 pages
Summary: Aviation psychology expertise is used primarily to enhance the efficiency and safety of aviation as a complex socio-technical system. Much of this knowledge is also easily applicable in other environments and technologies which need to maintain high safety standards. Aviation Psychology: A Science and a Profession covers the central areas of aviation psychology and is written by scientists and practitioners. As well as presenting scientific results, the book gives recommendations on how to implement psychological know-how in the world of aviation, a field still dominated strongly by technology. The contribution of psychology to aviation is to make this complex man-machine system more efficient and more reliable. This book holds many approaches to how this can be achieved. It is the most recent and comprehensive textbook on aviation psychology to cover the five main areas: human engineering; selection; training; psychological counselling and intervention; accident investigation and prevention. Written mainly by European authors, it reflects the "state of the art" in Europe. The reported scientific findings and professional standards deal with civil and military pilots as well as air traffic controllers and their performance and behavior at work. This book will be of interest to psychologists, human factors facilitators and instructors in aviation; instructor pilots, ATC instructors and accident investigators; and airline managers, human factors experts in civil aviation authorities. Occupational psychologists, flight surgeons, engineers (working on the man-machine-interface) and personnel managers in safety-related industries will also find it useful. Aviation Psychology: A Science and a Profession collects the proceedings of the 22nd International Conference of the European Association for Aviation Psychology. Contents: Glossary of abbreviations; Introduction; General introduction, Klaus-Martin Goeters; EAAP professional standards in aviation psychology, Kristina Pollack; Evaluation of conference feedback, Klaus-Martin Goeters; Section 1 Human Engineering; Human Factors in Aviation: Human factors in aviation: an introductory course, René Amalberti, Jean Pariès, Claude Valot and Florence Wibaux; Section 2 Selection; Fundamentals of Selection: Basic concepts, Hans-Jürgen Hörmann; Exemplary Selection Systems: Selection of civil aviation pilots, Hans-Jürgen Hörmann; Military pilot selection, Per Byrdorf; Selection of air traffic controllers, Hinnerk Eißfeldt; Special Techniques and Methods: Job analysis and the selection interview, Pieter H. Hermans and Hemmo W. Mulder; Standards and Guidelines for Selection: Standards of selection: legal and ethical issues, Klaus-Martin Goeters; General standards of selection: validity and utility analysis, Klaus-Martin Goeters; Diagnostic decisions, Hans-Jürgen Hörmann; Perspectives and Recommendations: Recommendations and future perspectives, Hans-Jürgen Hörmann; Section 3 Training; Training of Aviation Personnel: Introduction, André Droog; JAR-FCL and JAR-OPS, Werner Naef; Developing the pilot’s skills and attitudes, André Droog; Human factors training in aviation: the trainee, Karsten H. Severin and Patricia Antersijn; Integration of human factors-training, Marieke C. Verhoef-de Groen; HPL- and MCC-training as part of the airline transport pilot course, Karsten H. Severin; The effects and effectiveness of human factors training, André Droog; Evaluation of human factors performance, Marieke C. Verhoef-de Groen; Section 4 Psychological Counselling and Intervention; Clinical Psychology: Clinical psychology applications in military aviation, Wolfgang Roth; Clinical-psychological diagnostics and consultation in commercial aviation, Reiner Kemmler; Clinical Experience: Neuroses, psychoses and drug addiction in aviation personnel: a clinical experience, Antonio Tundo and Fulvia Marchetti; Section 5 Human Factors Accident Investigation and Prevention; Exemplary Air Safety Investigation Systems: Introduction and overview, Brent Hayward; The Australian bureau of air safety investigation, Robert Lee; The transportation safety board of Canada, James Nottrodt, Maury Hill and Elizabeth McCullogh; The Swedish board of accident investigation, Kristina Pollack; Investigative Techniques and Methods: Investigation of human and organisational factors, Alan Hobbs; Witness interviewing techniques in aircraft accident investigation, Brent Hayward; Safety and Culture: Safety and culture, Brent Hayward; Future Perspectives: Future perspectives, Brent Hayward. Dr. Klaus-Martin Goeters, Head of Department, Aviation and Space Psychology, DLR-German Aerospace Center, Hamburg, Germany, and Board Member of the European Association for Aviation Psychology (EAAP). His main work is in differential and diagnostic psychology and its application to aviation (mainly selection of pilots and air traffic controllers), and he is co-author of Personnel Development for Complex Man-Machine-Systems (1995, Weinheim: Beltz, in German). 1998, 320 pages
US$ 84.95 hardback
ASH-036  Aerospace Clinical Psychology, Raymond E. King.  1999, 160 pages hardback
Summary: "The book does allow would-be psychologists and interested flight crew an insight into the world of aerospace clinical psychology . . . there are many interesting anecdotes, fascinating glossaries and useful tips. . . . I don't know of one single flight crew member who wouldn't benefit from some advice given in this book." -- Aviation Training, January-February 2000. Flight training and flying are hazardous activities that demand the most of human operators, whether they are pilots or other actors (maintainers, air traffic controllers, managers, regulators) involved in the complex aviation system. Aerospace Clinical Psychology serves as a handbook for dealing with aviators and other operators, those seen as patients as well as those functioning normally, who nonetheless wish to improve the their performance. This book has much to offer the audiences who intersect the human factors and clinical areas of aviation and operators in extreme environments. It deftly defines specific touchstone areas such as selection, training, accident investigation, measurement and testing, and practical interventions. The little-margin-for-error realm of aviation exposes operators to stress and risk on a daily basis. Aerospace Clinical Psychology provides a blueprint for combining the talents of clinical psychologists with flight surgeons and human factors practitioners to enhance safety and efficiency. Contents: Why is this book necessary?; Selection: what can a clinically trained psychologist contribute?; The "myth" of pilot personality; Getting information: psychological testing, interviewing, other data gathering; Providing feedback: providing information to pilots and referral sources (often flight surgeons or commanders); Providing support: critical incident stress debriefing; Teaching; Additional assessment tips; Interventions; Motivation and fear; Airsickness: prevention and management; Consulting to an aircraft mishap/accident board; Glossary; References.
US$ 69.95 hardback
ASH-018 Applied Aviation Psychology Achievement Change and Challenge
Edited by Brent Hayward & Andrew Lowe. 1996. 528 pp. Available in English. 
Summary:  ". . . of particular interest to anyone concerned with the application of aviation psychology to improvement of aviation safety." -- Flight Safety Digest, 1998. "I have used these proceedings as a source book for what research is currently being carried out in aviation psychology and transport safety. The proceedings also make a good starting point for anybody wanting an introduction to the area and the relevant issues. I felt that this was both a useful and informative set of papers and would hope that all organizations with an interest in aviation or transport psychology would purchase a copy of the book." -- Ergonomics Abstracts. This book is designed to expand the contribution of aviation psychology and human factors to the development of practical solutions to the current and future challenges facing the aviation industry. It is based upon the proceedings of the Third Australian Aviation Psychology Symposium, held at Manly, Sydney, in November 1995. The editors have sought to provide a forward-looking volume in which new strategies for the contribution of psychology and human factors to the safe and effective functioning of aviation organizations and systems are proposed, debated, and developed. Every effort has been made to provide coverage of as many areas of the aviation system as possible. The contributors come from a range of backgrounds within the aviation industry – from practitioners of aviation psychology and human factors to those in flight operations and air traffic control. Together they examine current practice and issues for the future in this important and applied discipline. This book is of special relevance for all concerned with applying aviation psychology to improve aviation safety. The intended readership includes both civil and military aviation management, cabin crew, air traffic controllers and maintenance personnel, safety managers, air safety investigators, civil aviation authority and regulatory personnel, and aviation industry consultants, researchers, and academics. Section Headings: Aviation safety; Crew resource management; Pilot training; Air traffic control; Issues in aviation human resources; Aviation maintenance; Situational awareness; Workshop report; Index. Brent J. Hayward, Managing Director, Asia Pacific Resource Management and founding President of the Australian Aviation Psychology Association, Australia and Andrew R. Lowe, Senior Psychologist, Australian Air Force.
US$ 99.95 hardback
 
ICAO
Newsletter Training Aids
Seminar/ Event Publications
Travel Info Advertising
Careers Membership
Links Download
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
©2008 Ariane Information | Terms & Conditions | Privacy |Links | | Map
Tel: +1-450-656-6111 |  Fax +1-450-656-9891 | www.ariane-info.com | ariane@ariane-info.com